[[Noteworthy Uses]]:: *[[Noteworthy Uses]]* [[Proved By]]:: *[[Proved By|Crucial Dependencies]]* ---- - Let $\Omega$ be [[open set|open in]] $\rr^2$; - Let $g: \rr ^{2} \to \rr$ be [[smooth]]; - Let $M := \{ \big(x,y,g(x,y)\big) : (x,y) \in \Omega \}$ be the [[graph]] of $g$. - **Remark.** This result actually generalizes to $M$ being *any* oriented $(n-1)$-[[differentiable Euclidean submanifold (with or without boundary)|manifold]] in $\rrn$, but showing that more general result is less elucidating. - Naturally cover $M$ with the [[coordinate patch]] $\alpha: \rr ^{2} \to \rr ^{3}$ given by $\alpha(u,v)=\big(u,v,g(u,v)\big)$; - $M$ is [[connected]] and hence has exactly two orientations. [[orientation of a Euclidean submanifold|Orient]] it using whichever one contains $\alpha$; - Define a [[vector field]] $F(x,y,z)$ on $M$. > [!theorem] Theorem. ([[flux integral]]) > We have that $\int_M F_{1} \ dy \wedge dz - F_{2} \ dx \wedge dz + F_{3} \ dx \wedge dy = \int _M (F \cdot N) \, \d V , $ where $N$ is the [[orientation of a Euclidean submanifold|unit normal field]] corresponding the the [[orientable manifold|orientable|orientation]] of $M$. Note that the LHS is the [[integral of a form over a compact oriented Euclidean submanifold]], while the the RHS is the [[integral of a scalar function over a parameterized manifold]]. [[circulation integral]] > [!proof]+ Derivation. ([[flux integral]]) > > We've chosen the [[orientation of a Euclidean submanifold|orientation]] of $M$ containing $\alpha$ — is it comprised of upward or downward pointing arrows? We find out by getting a [[unit normal vector to a parameterized curve]] via $\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v } / \|\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v }\|$. This is $\begin{align} \frac{\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v } }{ \|\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v }\|}= & \frac{\left( 1,0,\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } \right) \times \left( 0,1,\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \right)}{ \|\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v }\|} \\ = & \frac{\left( -\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } , -\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v }, 1 \right)}{ \|\frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial u } \times \frac{ \partial \alpha }{ \partial v }\|}, \end{align}$ and so we get that $N\big(\alpha(u,v)\big)=\frac{\left( -\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u }, -\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v }, 1 \right)}{\sqrt{ \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } \right)^{2} + \left(\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \right)^{2}+1}}.$ Now with the $\beta_{2}$ [[linear isomorphism|isomorphism]] from [[div grad curl diagram]] in mind, we compute [^1] $\begin{align} &\int _{M} (F_{1} \ dy \wedge dz - F_{2} \ dx \wedge dz + F_{3} \ dx \wedge dy )& \\ = & \int _{\Omega} \alpha^{*}(F_{1} \ dy \wedge dz - F_{2} \ dx \wedge dz + F_{3} \ dx \wedge dy ) \\ = & \int _{\Omega} (F_{1} \circ \alpha) \ dv \wedge\left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } du + \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } dv \right) - (F_{2} \circ \alpha) du \wedge \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } du + \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } dv \right) + (F_{3} \circ \alpha) du \wedge dv \\ = & \int _{\Omega} \big(-(F_{1} \circ \alpha) \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } - (F_{2} \circ \alpha) \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } + (F_{3} \circ \alpha) \big) \ du \wedge dv \\ = & \int _{\Omega}\big(-(F_{1} \circ \alpha) \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } - (F_{2} \circ \alpha) \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } + (F_{3} \circ \alpha) \big) \\ = & \int _{\Omega } (F_{1} \circ \alpha, F_{2} \circ \alpha, F_{3} \circ \alpha) \cdot (-\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } ,- \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } , 1) \ \ (**). \end{align}$ **Recall**: For $h: M \to \rr$, [[MOC integral of scalar field over parameterized manifold|we have]] $\int _{M} h \, \d V := \int _{\Omega} (h \circ \alpha )\, V(D\alpha) \ (*)$. For our case, $V(D\alpha)=\sqrt{ \det (D\alpha^{\top}D \alpha) }= \det \sqrt{ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } \\ 0 & 1 & \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \\ \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } & \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \end{bmatrix}} = \sqrt{ \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } ^{2} + \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } ^{2} +1 }.$ Now, from $(*)$, $\begin{align} \int _{M} (h \circ \alpha) V(D\alpha) = & \int _{M} (h \circ \alpha) \sqrt{ \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } ^{2} + \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } ^{2} +1} := \int _{M} h \, \d V. \end{align}$ Consider $(**)$, multiply it by '$1 : $(**)=\int _{\Omega } (F_{1} \circ \alpha, F_{2} \circ \alpha, F_{3} \circ \alpha) \cdot \frac{\left( -\frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } ,- \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } , 1 \right)}{\textcolor{Skyblue}{\sqrt{ \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } \right) ^{2} + \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \right) ^{2} +1}}} \textcolor{Skyblue}{\sqrt{ \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial u } \right) ^{2} + \left( \frac{ \partial g }{ \partial v } \right) ^{2} +1 }}$ Pushing forward the above to $M$ (i.e., getting rid of the $\alpha$ and $D\alpha$) yields the result. > [!intuition] > Now, we can obtain visual intuition about the expression $\int_M F_{1} \ dy \wedge dz - F_{2} \ dx \wedge dz + F_{3} \ dx \wedge dy$ by taking a look at what $\int _M (F \cdot N) \, dV$ is visually saying. > ![[CleanShot 2023-03-17 at [email protected]]] > Take a look at the above image. $\|N\| \equiv 1$ hence $F \cdot N = \|F\| \cos \theta$ (see [[dot product]] properties). This is just the magnitude of $F$ projected onto the [[orientation of a Euclidean submanifold|normal direction]] to $M$. In physics terms, its the 'amount of $F$ orthogonal to $M, or 'how much $F$ is going through $M. We call this the **flux** of the [[vector field]] $F$ across $M$. > [!basicexample] > Let $M=\mathbb{S} ^{2} (a)$. Orient $M$ as depicted: > ![[CleanShot 2023-03-17 at 12.12.19.jpg]] > Compute that $\begin{align} > &\int _{\mathbb{S} ^{2}(a)} x \ dy \wedge dz - y \ dx \wedge dz + z \ dx \wedge dy \\ > = & \int _{\mathbb{S} ^{2} (a)} (x,y,z) \cdot \frac{(x,y,z)}{a} \d V \\ > = & \int_{\mathbb{S} ^{2}(a)} a \ \d V \\ > = & a \cdot 4 \pi a ^{2}. > \end{align}$ [^1]: If these steps are confusing, be sure to review: [[Analysis on Manifolds.canvas]], [[integral of k-form over parameterized k-manifold]] [[dual transform of forms]]; specifically, how to compute using respectivity of [[algebra of alternating multilinear forms]]orms]]f alternating forms]], [[linear map|linearity]], that $f \ dx = f \wedge dx$ for $0$-form ([[scalar field]]) $f$, [[differential of a 0-form]], [[exterior derivative]]uclidean space]] ---- #### ----- #### References > [!backlink] > ```dataview TABLE rows.file.link as "Further Reading" FROM [[]] FLATTEN file.tags GROUP BY file.tags as Tag > [!frontlink] > ```dataview > TABLE rows.file.link as "Further Reading" > FROM outgoing([[]]) > FLATTEN file.tags as Tag > WHERE Tag = "#definition" OR Tag = "#theorem" OR Tag = "#MOC" OR Tag = "#proposition" OR Tag = "#axiom" > GROUP BY Tag > ```