---- > [!definition] Definition. ([[scheme]]) > A **scheme** is a [[locally ringed space]] $(X, \mathcal{O}_{X})$ with an [[cover|open cover]] $\{ U_{i} \}_{i \in I}$ such that each $(U_{i}, \mathcal{O}_{X} |_{U_{i}})$ is an [[affine scheme]]. > Here, $\mathcal{O}_{X} |_{U_{i}}$ denotes the [[restriction sheaf|restriction]] of the [[sheaf]] $\mathcal{O}_{X}$ to the open subset $U_{i} \subset X$.[^2] > [[scheme|Schemes]] are objects of the [[category]] $\mathsf{Sch}$, with [[category|morphisms]] being [[morphism of locally ringed spaces|morphisms of locally ringed spaces]]. > >The [[sheaf]] $\mathcal{O}_X$ is called the **structure sheaf** or **sheaf of regular functions** of the scheme, and is often suppressed from notation. ^definition Note that distinguished open affines $D(f)$ [[condition for obtaining a basis from a topology|form]] [[topology generated by a basis|a]] [[basis for a topology|basis]] for the [[topological space|topology]] on $X$, in the following sense: Given an open set $a$ of $X$, and $x \in U$, we may consider an affine piece $\text{Spec }A_{i}$ containing $x$; then $\text{Spec }A_{i} \cap U$ is an open subset of $\text{Spec }A_{i}$. Since $\text{Spec }A_{i}$ has as basis sets of the form $D(f_{i})$, $f_{i}\in A_{i}$, we can find a $D(f_{i}) \subset \text{Spec }A_{i} \cap U$ containing $x$. Then $x \in D(f_{i}) \subset U$. > [!intuition] > If a [[manifold]] is a [[topological space]] that 'locally looks like Euclidean space', a scheme is a [[topological space]] that 'locally looks like an affine scheme $(\text{Spec }A, \mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }A}).[^1] ^intuition > [!basicexample] Example. (Residue field describes a morphism exiting $\text{Spec }k$) > Let $k$ be a [[field]]. Let us examine all [[morphism of locally ringed spaces|morphisms]] exiting the [[affine scheme]] $(\text{Spec }k, \mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k})$, i.e., morphisms of [[locally ringed space|locally ringed spaces]] $\text{(Spec }k, \mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k}) \xrightarrow{(f, f^{\sharp})} (X, \mathcal{O}_{X})$ for $(X, \mathcal{O}_{X})$ an arbitrary scheme. > > > $\text{Spec }k=\{ (0) \}$. So, the [[continuous]] map $f:\text{Spec }k \to X$ is just selecting a [[pointed set|point]] $x_{0} \in X$, $f\big( (0) \big)=x_{0}$. Note that the data of $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k}$ is captured by $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k}(\text{Spec }k) =k$. > > What about $f^{\sharp}:\mathcal{O}_{X} \to f_{*}\mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k}$? We will show it is characterized by the (only) induced [[homomorphism of local rings|(local) homomorphism]] on stalks $f^{\sharp}_{x_{0}}$. Noting that [[localization|the localization]] $k_{(0)}=k$ (since it is taking the [[field of fractions]] of $k$ already a [[field]]), so that $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k, (0)}=k_{(0)}=k$, this is a [[ring homomorphism|homomorphism]] > $\begin{align} > f^{\sharp}_{x_{0}}:\mathcal{O}_{X, x_{0}} &\to k > \end{align}$ > The unique [[maximal ideal]] of $k$ is $(0)$, so we have $f^{\sharp ^{-1}}_{x_{0}}(\{ 0 \})=\mathfrak{m}_{x_{0}} \subset \mathcal{O}_{X, x_{0}}$, the [[maximal ideal]] of $\mathcal{O}_{X, x_{0}}$. This means $\mathfrak{m}_{x_{0}} \subset \ker f^{\sharp}_{x_{0}}$, inducing an embedding (a [[field extension]]) $\frac{\mathcal{O}_{X, x_{0}}}{\mathfrak{m}_{x_{0}}} \hookrightarrow k.$ > We write $k(x_{0}):= \frac{\mathcal{O}_{X,x_{0}}}{\mathfrak{m}_{x_{0}}}$, **the [[residue field]] of the point $x_{0}$**. > > Now, the claim is that $f^{\sharp}_{x_{0}}$ determines $f^{\sharp}$. Let $V \subset X$ be open. We have $f_{V}^{\sharp}:\mathcal{O}_{X}(V) \to \mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k }\big( f ^{-1}(V) \big)=\begin{cases} > 0 & x_{0} \notin V ;\\ > k & x_{0} \in V. > \end{cases}$ > In the latter case $x_{0} \in V$, $f_{V}^{\sharp}:\mathcal{O}_{X}(V) \to k$ must factor as > > > ```tikz > \usepackage{tikz-cd} > \usepackage{amsmath} > \usepackage{amsfonts} > \begin{document} > % https://tikzcd.yichuanshen.de/#N4Igdg9gJgpgziAXAbVABwnAlgFyxMJZABgBoBGAXVJADcBDAGwFcYkQAdDgW3pwAsAxk2AB5AL4B9ABoAKAGoBKEONLpMufIRTkK1Ok1bsuvAcMZipwaaQAEAD0nFxKtSAzY8BImWL6GLGyIIAiq6p5aRLp+NAFGwcjydnCUruGa3jqkAEz+hkGcHABmAE70gsAmfEIiEpLWdo7O4pU81aX0ANbA3FZN4uIAvJ2yTcph7hpe2sjZerH57J0q+jBQAObwRKClENxIZCA4EEjkE7v7iHNHJ4gAzDQ49FiM7LxocMdpIBenj7cAFho-Bg9Cg7BwAHcICCwaE3L9EECbkgAKyPZ6vYL8CAQZbiSjiIA > \begin{tikzcd} > s \arrow[r, maps to] & {[V, s]} & \\ > \mathcal{O}_X(V) \arrow[r] & {\mathcal{O}_{X, x_0}} \arrow[d, two heads] & k \\ > & {\frac{\mathcal{O}_{X, x_0}}{\mathfrak{m}_{x_0}}=k(x_0)} \arrow[ru, hook] & > \end{tikzcd} > \end{document} > ``` > > The moral is that the data of the residue field $k(x_{0})$ is the totality of the information we get from a morphism $(f, f^{\sharp})$. > > Conversely, given $x_{0} \in X$ and an [[field extension|extension]] $k(x_{0}) \hookrightarrow k$, we get a morphism $f:\text{Spec } k \to X$: > - On the topological level, $(0) \xmapsto{f}x_{0}$ determines $f$; > - On the [[structure sheaf on a ring spectrum|structure sheaf]] level, the composition $\mathcal{O}_{X,x_{0}} \twoheadrightarrow k(x_{0}) \hookrightarrow k$ is a [[homomorphism of local rings|local]] [[ring homomorphism]] $f^{\sharp}_{x_{0}}:\mathcal{O}_{X,x_{0}} \to k$, (maybe there is more to say here?) > > How about the other direction - a morphism $(X, \mathcal{O}_{X}) \to (\text{Spec }k, \mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }k})$? See [[scheme over a field]]. ---- #### [^1]: Here, $\text{Spec }A$ denotes the [[prime ideal|spectrum]] of a [[commutative ring|commutative]] [[ring]] $A$, endowed with the [[Zariski topology on a ring spectrum|Zariski topology]], and $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Spec }A}$ denotes the [[structure sheaf on a ring spectrum]] of $\text{Spec }A$. [^2]: In general, restrictions are [[pullback sheaf|pullbacks]] and pullbacks can be tricky to navigate: there is a colimit-esque construction, then a sheafification, etc. However, recall that in the special case of restricting to an *open subset* $U \hookrightarrow X$, the situation simplifies: for $V \subset U$, $\mathcal{O}_{X} |_{U}(V)=\mathcal{O}_{X}(V)$ where the latter [[transitivity of openness in subspace topologies|views]] $V$ as a subset of $X$. ---- #### References > [!backlink] > ```dataview > TABLE rows.file.link as "Further Reading" > FROM [[]] > FLATTEN file.tags as Tag > WHERE Tag = "#definition" OR Tag = "#theorem" OR Tag = "#MOC" OR Tag = "#proposition" OR Tag = "#axiom" > GROUP BY Tag > ``` > [!frontlink] > ```dataview > TABLE rows.file.link as "Further Reading" > FROM outgoing([[]]) > FLATTEN file.tags as Tag > WHERE Tag = "#definition" OR Tag = "#theorem" OR Tag = "#MOC" OR Tag = "#proposition" OR Tag = "#axiom" > GROUP BY Tag > ```